Brazil Offset Program

The term offset is an English word that is used to mean compensate or the act of counterbalancing. Offsetting is used in various fields depending on the different scenarios.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brazil Offset Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, it can be used in the business world when a person settles a debt. In this report however, offsetting will be discussed in the line of military, whereby a comparison between the Brazilian and UAE offset programs in the defense system will be made. In defense, an offset program is initialized with the aim of compensating the local industry with that from the foreign countries. In simple terms, an offset program entails getting defensive support from foreign contractors. â€Å"Offsetting provides an opportunity for purchasing governments to impose compulsory inward investment obligations on foreign suppliers† (Dempsey, 2011, p.1). Among t he many nations that have the offset programs is Brazil, which is located in South America. Despite the fact that Brazil is a peaceful nation, it has been able to dominate armed forces from America (Mitra, 2009, p.1). â€Å"The underlying policy by the Brazilian government is that the nation should be able to provide enough security for its citizens without having to deploy security personnel from other nations† (Mitra, 2009, p.1). In a bid to achieve this goal, the Brazilian government has put in place funds to ensure that they purchase the latest military technologies from the foreign and expert countries like Japan. Research indicates that Brazil has been able to acquire the technologies â€Å"through such methods as licensed production, co-production and joint ventures although it has formally articulated its offsets policy quite recently† (Dempsey, 2011, p.1). In all the aforementioned methods of technology acquisition, transfer has been the main mode of acquiring the offset program in Brazil. The major aeronautic company known as Embraer Corporation having been established in the year 1969 has proved to be the best offsetting program in the military industrialization. This can be supported by the fact that Embraer has effectively absorbed and indigenized the foreign technologies as a way of offsetting the foreign deals.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition to this, Brazil has proved to significantly participate in the offsetting program through its importation of ammunition and the small arms that have been licensed in Italy, Britain, and Belgium among others. At the same time, Brazil is slowly becoming one of the leading manufacturers of firearms although it has not been given the authority to license them, hence using other nations that have the authority to do so. On the other hand, the UAE has also established an offset program th at is deemed to have been founded in 1992. Just like in Brazil, the offset program is aimed at establishing joint ventures at the local sector with those from international contractors and or members. Research done indicates that a high percentage of the UAE citizens have been able to become shareholders the public joint stock companies. This has in turn led to increased power in the offset programs of the UAE. The main achievement of the UAE offset program is the ability of the government to be able to easily purchase and supply goods and or services through the aid of the local agents within the region. With the main objective of the UAE Offset program being to diversify the economy of the UAE; this has been effectively achieved through enabling the ease and access of market and technology within the region and from abroad (Offset Program Bureau, 2011, p.1). As such, this has in turn created employment opportunities among the nationals of the UAE. Reference List Dempsey, A. (2011) . Don’t Fear the Offset. Web. Mitra, A. (2009). A Survey of Successful Offset Experiences Worldwide. Journal of  Defence Studies 3(1), 1-3. Web. Offset Program Bureau. (2011). Defense Contractor: Offset Guidelines. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Brazil Offset Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Brazil Offset Program was written and submitted by user Marcus U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Economic Boom

AMERICA'S economic boom may have nurtured a new breed of harmless and incompetent white-collar criminal but fresh accusations concerning Wall Street Mafiosi have reminded investors of the raw thuggery their money can also attract. The US authorities have charged more than 100 people with crimes ranging from securities fraud to "solicitation of murder" in the biggest crackdown on stock fraudsters in history. What gave the dawn raids extra spice was the alleged involvement of all five families - Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese and Luchese - that comprise La Cosa Nostra in New York. The Mob allegedly gained control of DMN Capital, a Manhattan investment bank, which was then run as a "joint venture" to co-ordinate "crews" of crooked brokers at various shady firms across the region. Brokers were bribed with excessive commissions for pushing house stocks. Those that tried to renege on the agreement were beaten. The defendants had a list of aliases that was almost as long as their charge sheet: "Little Robert", "Frankie", "Sebbie", "Ralphie", "Vinny" and "Sal". They even allegedly bribed a retired NYPD detective with, among other things, a fur coat and money for a swimming pool. Their aim was to persuade a police pension fund to direct money to a crooked investment manager, prosecutors claimed. Contrast this with the other big financial crime story of the moment - Martin Frankel's attempt to stay out of the hands of US prosecutors. Frankel is accused of defrauding American insurers out of hundreds of millions of dollars before fleeing his Connecticut mansion for Europe (but not before leaving a charred "to do" list that included a reminder to "launder money"). He was caught eventually in Germany, laden with fake passports and diamonds. Last week Frankel pleaded guilty to smuggling in an attempt to avoid being extradited to the US, where he complains that he may be handed a prison sentence of inhuman length. The whining F... Free Essays on Economic Boom Free Essays on Economic Boom AMERICA'S economic boom may have nurtured a new breed of harmless and incompetent white-collar criminal but fresh accusations concerning Wall Street Mafiosi have reminded investors of the raw thuggery their money can also attract. The US authorities have charged more than 100 people with crimes ranging from securities fraud to "solicitation of murder" in the biggest crackdown on stock fraudsters in history. What gave the dawn raids extra spice was the alleged involvement of all five families - Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese and Luchese - that comprise La Cosa Nostra in New York. The Mob allegedly gained control of DMN Capital, a Manhattan investment bank, which was then run as a "joint venture" to co-ordinate "crews" of crooked brokers at various shady firms across the region. Brokers were bribed with excessive commissions for pushing house stocks. Those that tried to renege on the agreement were beaten. The defendants had a list of aliases that was almost as long as their charge sheet: "Little Robert", "Frankie", "Sebbie", "Ralphie", "Vinny" and "Sal". They even allegedly bribed a retired NYPD detective with, among other things, a fur coat and money for a swimming pool. Their aim was to persuade a police pension fund to direct money to a crooked investment manager, prosecutors claimed. Contrast this with the other big financial crime story of the moment - Martin Frankel's attempt to stay out of the hands of US prosecutors. Frankel is accused of defrauding American insurers out of hundreds of millions of dollars before fleeing his Connecticut mansion for Europe (but not before leaving a charred "to do" list that included a reminder to "launder money"). He was caught eventually in Germany, laden with fake passports and diamonds. Last week Frankel pleaded guilty to smuggling in an attempt to avoid being extradited to the US, where he complains that he may be handed a prison sentence of inhuman length. The whining F...

DETECTING MEDIA BIAS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DETECTING MEDIA BIAS - Essay Example There was even a story about a toddler who was found in a car seat but whose connection to the previous story remained unclear. Since there was very little information to go by at the time of the reporting, I firmly believe that this article lacked the depth and breadth of an accurate news report. It reported unconfirmed information and relied on hearsay rather than verified data from the police and mall authorities. It would appear that the facts as reported in the story were only based upon the little information that the reporter could either verify from the authorities or heard from some witnesses on the ground. Therefore, it is hard to say if the writer actually had an inclination to report the story in one particular way or if he had intentionally or unintentionally misreported facts in the story. There were certainly questionable assumptions made within the story as the reporter questioned a particular witness about what he thought he heard and saw prior to and during the suicide. I find it disturbing that he took the word of an untrained bystander when reporting about the kind of gun and bullet that was used in the successful suicide attempt. He took the witnesses word for it when he said that there was little to no blood on the scene. The man was simply having a meal at McDonalds when the event occurred. He was not identified as any sort of medical professional, coroner, or member of the police force who had the authority to make such pronouncements about the victims. The emphasis of the story was supposed to be on the double suicide that took place. The news reporting was so scattered that it was really difficult for readers to identify what story the beat reported was trying to tell. He ended up maximizing his word count without informing the readers about what really happened, who those people where, why they committed suicide, and if they were related to the abandoned child that was

U1 Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U1 Discussion - Coursework Example The DCHP allows the network administrator to supervise and distribute IP addresses from a central point (Morimoto, Noel, Droubi, Mistry, & Amaris, 2009). The DHCP server manages a pool of IP addresses about client configuration. The server assigned IP addresses that conflicted with other addresses because, first, in a busy network environment, an offline computer might have been brought online with a lease that it believes has not expired. On the other hand, the DHCP server believes the lease has expired. The server only checks the list of current leases to establish if an address is available and does not question the network to determine if an address is being used by default. As cited by Morimoto et al. (2009), the other cause of the IP addresses conflict may be malfunctioning of the internal components of the DCHP server. This causes them to lose track of which systems are utilizing which addresses. Another cause may be a similarly configured DCHP server is handing out overlapping addresses. Lastly, the two systems might have been assigned identical static

Strategic Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Choice - Essay Example Growth relates to each and every employee at the workplace. The development in the quality of existing employees’ skills and the quantity of skilled workers leads to overall organizational growth. The most precious asset that a company may cherish is its employees and it needs to be seriously concerned with all issues that may dissatisfy, frustrate or depress them. Without happy employees, no strategy is going to work and no progress will be seen in the long run. This paper discusses what alternative my organization (Human-Care.org) must consider to realize growth and what strategy or combination of generic and grand strategies it must implement in order to improve its organizational growth. Alternative Strategies Leading to Organizational Growth Human-Care.org pursues its organizational growth, growth stages and the directions in which the company is going in a variety of ways. Yet, it is undergoing some troubles regarding guiding itself and its labor through periods of growth. It is having problems with maintaining control over resources and workforce. There are many recommendations and alternatives that it needs to consider to chase the course of its growth at every stage. Some of these strategies are discussed below: 1. New Markets and Target Consumers ... 2. New Services The organization should also try to offer new services to the consumers apart from simply recording and filing their complaints. When it will expand its offers to the clients, it will automatically attract more clientele and build its repertoire in the market and among the competitors. Implementation of new products and services is recognized as a significant way leading to organizational growth. 3. Looking for External Financial Resources We are focusing significantly on increasing the finances because we know that the organization will need funds to support its expansion in terms of employees and resources. A productive way to increase this funding is to look for external financial resources which may be in the form of monitory support from investors, partnerships, banks, and other government and private companies that may want to acquire the organization and fund it. This funding will help the company in designing and implementing such generic and grand strategies that ensure its growth. Growth Strategies for my Organization A strategy means a plan that guides an organization through a process or from one state to another. A growth strategy is the plan that the organization uses to broaden the scope of its business by expanding its consumer group. The objective of such a strategy is to improve the organizational growth while balancing the resources at the same time. Although there are many kinds of growth strategies that firms use like merger, joint venture, acquisition, and strategic alliance, I would recommend that Human-Care.org must use the joint venture and strategic alliance strategies to enhance its organizational growth.

Tourism Planning And Sustainable Tourism Tourism Essay

Tourism Planning And Sustainable Tourism Tourism Essay Singapore has always been an innovative country. Ever since the tourist boom, and the change of policy by the government to ease the policy by letting foreigners into Singapore and having the decision to be converted into PR (Permanent Resident). In the year 2009, the Integrated Resort (IR) was made where there are 2010 hotel rooms and a casino made. Since the World Wide Web or the Internet was created, the world has been experiencing quick pace changes on the tourism sector. Tourist also can be affected by the Internet, either positively or negatively. But positively, is always For a long time that the diffusion of the technologies that is in the tourism improved travel service supply in efficiency, quality and flexibility. Based on a concept of a tourism system, the world is experiencing quick pace changes because the tourism has become a major economic sector and the Internet is one of the most influential technologies that will change travellers behaviours and habits. The Internet are able to help online travellers to receive the updated time and unlimited travel information before travelling abroad they also can choose their final destination. Therefore, information through destination website plays an important role in influencing decision-making and increasing actual arrivals. In the way of the technological trend and the development, National Tourism Organisations monitor their online travel informations and continuously make sure that it meets the needs of consumers and develop online service to meet consumers satisfaction and experience. http://www.ifitt.org/admin/public/uploads/KaoLouvieris.pdf Singapore hosted one round of the 2008 FIA Formula One, The World Championship. The race, held on a new street circuit at Marina Bay, was the very first night-time event for Formula One history. The event was considered a success due to the sheer amount of organisation, planning and cooperation put in the event. Also in 2010, Singapore hosted the inaugural YOG (Youth Olympic Games) then the Singapore Tourism Board (STB), who says the Games, is expected to have a minimum of 180,000 visitors per nights for Singapore. The negative impacts are such as needed of more manpower to tighten the security to prevent increasing of crime rate. As many tourist who visit Singapore, there is an increase of tourist who are being targeted for robbery and theft. Law re-enforcement is needed to ensure safety for either the citizen or the tourist. Traffic congestion is another major problem due to increase of tourist and taxi is there only means of transportation. Currently there is an estimated of 20,000 taxi(sgforum 17 Oct) which flood most of the road in Singapore within 660sq kilometre. In order to cater to more taxi, Certificate of Entitlement (COE) has increased, preventing the local to unable to afford the car. Increase of tourism does affect the regions and natural environment, such as beaches, water supply, heritage sites and the natural reserve. It affects the environment due to over usage and air pollution through traffic emission. Economic Singapore, one of the most fast moving countries in Southeast Asia at the same time perhaps the most prosper country in the world and the safest place to be at. Each day transaction could reach up to billions of dollar flowing in and out of Singapore, creating many business opportunity and jobs for the local. With the fast growing economic, Singapore attracts 19 million (Singapore tourism board 17 cot) of tourist flying into this region for work or holiday in 2011. Tourism industry is one of the most important sectors in boosting the economy of Singapore. With the increasing number of tourist each year, more hotels are building and upgraded to accommodate to the needs. In order to cater to the tourism sectors, the board of tourism has created much sight for tourist to visit. Tourist attraction such as the Singapore Zoological Garden and Singapore Night Safari located at Mandai, Sentosa Island, Marina Bay Sands Singapore and Garden By the Bay. DEMAND FOR JOBS As the economy of Singapore is growing and more tourist visiting each year, there will definitely cause positive and negative impact affecting the general economy. The positive impact would be creating jobs to the tourism sector. In order to cater to the amount of tourist visiting Singapore, more chamber maid is hired to improve the efficiency in cleaning the room. Not only the chamber maid has increased, more jobs related to the tourism sector have relatively in need of manpower to cater the huge amount of visitor every year. As more people are employed, more people are able to afford on goods and services CURRENCY Even though Singapore has a strong currency, there are still many visitors visiting Singapore each year. Comparing with the European country, foreigners prefer coming to Singapore to spend because the currency exchange towards Singapore exchange rate is inferior to them. They would usually do their shopping because it is much way cheaper compared to Europe. DEMAND FOR GOODS AND SERVICES There is always a strong demand for goods due to the quality of product. In Singapore, products are differentiated from other country. Buyers are afraid of purchasing fake goods. The chances of buying a fake product in Singapore are very low as the immigration is very strict on imitation goods. Service provided is of higher quality compared too much other country. They would rather profit at customer satisfaction. Goods may be also being in demand as they are cheaper. Prices may vary due to many reasons like tax or shipping. NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT Even though the economics of travel and tourism manly emphasise on the benefit of tourism. There is much negative impact on the economy such as over-dependence on tourism. Many countries might be over-dependence on the tourism sector, these results in negligence on other sectors of income. Singapore has no natural resources to rely on and therefore they rely on largely tourism sector. Leakages of expenditure are due to spending on foreign based company. For example, Hilton hotel is a foreign based company and all the money earns are leakage to other country. Positive Economic Impact The are many positive economic impact on the tourism sector such as taxes collected from the visitors visiting Singapore. Those taxes collected manly used to fund the needy and the school, building proper roads and upgrading of facilities. As tourism increases, more jobs for locals at the Tourism sector and FB sectors. As more jobs are created, locals would be able to spend more. As demanded, it would also lead to an increase in the import and export trade. TOURISM PLANNING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM The country we have picked is Singapore, which is the little red dot on the South East Asia area below the Peninsula. We have been considered a well prosperous and flourished country to our achievement we have had due to the amount of tourist coming and some even decide to become a permanent resident here and not be called foreigner any more. For example, Singapore is famous for its inaugural Night Race for Formula One in 2008 and it is already in its fifth year. Every year after the night race is over, there is a group of event organiser that plans the night race for the next night race and it requires some skills and requirements. In addition, we have a few popular attractions such as Universal Studios Singapore (USS), Marina Bay Sands (MBS), the new Garden By The Bay and the up-coming Marine Life-Park which is going to be located at Resort World Sentosa (RWS) which is going to be worlds largest oceanarium and also the S.E.A. Aquarium, the worlds largest aquarium. Not all these wil l happen without the people behind the scenes. In addition, with these people, planning, achievable goal is needed. Tourism planning is oriented by goals, as there is a need to achieve specific objectives by using resources programmes with peoples needs and wants. Comprehensive planning requires a systematic approach. The planning objectives may be easy to set, but executing it will be tedious. First step is to define goals and objectives. Second is identifying the tourism system. Third is generated and evaluate alternatives. Fourth is select and implement and last is monitor and evaluate. Follow these few steps and planning will be made easy. Definition of tourism planning is plans that are made to attract tourist from other countries to visit Singapore for all sort of forms of activities, either leisure, holiday, backpacking, recreation or even business. The goals and objectives of planning an event in Singapore sounds simple but due to the constraint of space, most space will either be taken up for months or need to be booked a year before the event happens. Setting the objective to get a place for an event is important, as it is the beginning of the first step. Next, identify the tourism system. Meaning, the changes in places of visit and channels of distribution such as tour agents. The third steps are to generate and evaluate alternatives, for example, generating another plan or venue for the event to be organised. For events such as F1 in Singapore, having an alternative venue will be almost impossible because the preparation needed is massive. Once an alternative has been chosen, evaluate the decision with other organiser to know that the correct decision has been made. Next, select and implement meaning, put the things that has been planned into action. Everything the organisers have decided, will be executed, contacting event management let them know who to be contacted who what purpose. Example, TKH Lighting Electrical Pte Ltd is to set up the lights and electrical works by a certain period. The last step is, monitor and evaluate. Monitor the progress of each department, whether they are doing things according to plan. Sustainable tourism is the impact of tourist on the locals and environment. The aim is to ensure that positivity of the locals towards tourism companies and the tourist are kept up. Even though there have been some issues about employment here, some Singaporeans think that tourist can help to boost up on Singapores economy to sustain the tourism industry.. Singapore is a very vibrant country with its ever popular nightspots, dining restaurants, some extravagant shopping malls and the list goes on. However, Singapore is truly a paradise for tourist and even locals as the history attracts people Singapore. Here, we have Chinese, Malay and Indian culture and is very unique from the other South East Asia countries. The time to explore this little red dot has to offer, would take a lifetime. Sustainable tourism is to attempt to make a low impact environment and local culture while it is to help generate future employment for the locals. In addition, the aim to sustain tourism is to develop positive experience for local people, tourist, foreigners and tourism companies.

Assisted suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kovorkian’s killing spree targeted people with disabilities. The problem is that there are many doctors and nurses out there that are doing the same thing or at list supporting this issue. I agree that in some rather rear cases assisted suicide can be an act of compassion and can offer the chance of living this earth with some dignity and on one’s own terms. It sounds wonderful and in a perfect world it would be easy to determine when that would be the best thing for one’s self, a loved one or a patient. However, in the real world, there are a few things we must do first, in order to be able to make such determination. First, we must make sore that only one person never makes this decision. Such decision should be made by the patient, in collaboration with family members and loved ones and with the advice and help of one or more medical doctors. Second of all we must consider a few other things; one that the people involved in such decision ha ve the patients best interest at heart, two, we have to take in consideration the ability to reason of all the people involved. Three, we should make certain that they are able to put all other feelings that might influence this decision aside. Nevertheless, we are to consider the religious beliefs of all that are involved and how these beliefs might influence them. Moreover I think every family should have a plan just in case we will ever be faced with such situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decisions like this rise far to many question of where to draw the line between right, wrong, between compassion and crime, and other highly sensitive alike issues. Therefore we must have a system in place, which will never allow any one person to make such decision. If we ever allow only one person to make this decision, patients will ask for assisted suicide because they are depressed and in too much physical pain, doctors will assist patients in suicide based on their medical opinion (which might be wrong) and other opinions such as cost of medical care or organ donation. Moreover, family members will have the opportunity to make such decision based on anger, frustration, and financial problems or simply because it otherwise be too painful to watch a family member suffer. Because my mother haze a heart condition and went through a heart surgery already, we have talked about all the â€Å"what if’s†.

A Muse Amidst the War: The Life of Estelle Ishigo Essay

Estelle Ishigo is a Caucasian woman who lived during the World War II. Unlike her fellow women who have also lived during her time, Ishigo showed an exceptional amount of bravery and determination to outwit the challenges and tests of war. Instead of abandoning her Japanese American husband Arthur, Ishigo opted to accompany him together with other Japanese Americans. A painter and an illustrator, Ishigo sketched what she has seen and experienced during her stay in the internment camps in Pomona, California and Heart Mountain in Wyoming. These talents of Ishigo were utilized to serve those in need. In Heart Mountain Camp, Ishigo was allowed by the War Relocation Authority to illustrate images of the people during war. Most of Ishigo’s works were used to depict not only the actual events and people affected by the war, but the emotions they carry as well. Ishigo was successful in describing through her works the scenario in the internment camps. Most of her subjects were the Japanese Americans—how they managed to live and survive the war. Interestingly, the Japanese Americans were still full of courage, hope, and dignity to build a home under such crucial circumstances. These emotions were very much evident in Ishigo’s ilustrations. The life in the internment camps was actually as hard as living as a soldier of war. The War Relocation Authority had described the internment camps as a barracks covered by tar paper and no cooking or plumbing facilities. The Heart Mountain Relocation, being surrounded by barbed wire, was inadequate to provide the interns budget, toilets, and beds. In addition, the cold weather made it much harder for the interns to live within the camps. Curfew has also been observed which caused some reported shootouts. Work Cited Ishigo, Estelle. Lone Heart Mountain. Heart Mountain High School Class of 1947 (1989)

Impacts of acidic deposition

Impacts of acidic deposition Introduction There is an increasing danger of acidic deposition associated with the booming industrialization at the global level. Acidic deposition is considered as a form of threat to both the ecosystem and the human life. From an ecological perspective, acidic deposition can impose a harmful effect to the purity of water bodies and a threat to the survival of vegetation forms such as forests (Brimblecombe Hiroshi, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of acidic deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The principal emissions that contribute to acidic precipitation are sulfur dioxide and the various oxides of nitrogen that are as result of the burning of the fossil fuels (Gunn, 1995). The diverse effects of acidic deposition to human health and environment cannot be underestimated. For the case of the environment, acidic depositions can result to the acidification of water bodies, impose damage to plan ts and harm aquatic life (Caroll, 1990). The contributing factors towards acidic depositions can be attributed both natural factors, which are somewhat uncontrollable, and human factors such as factories, which form one of the largest contributors of the pollutants that result to acidic deposition (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). The significant challenge is that economic sustenance in the current times requires the involvement in human activities that can impose acidic deposition. Irrespective of this, addressing the problem imposed by the acidic deposition can be implemented through the adoption of effective human lifestyle that is characterized by a less reliance on the fossil fuels and an adoption of more renewable forms of energy (Environment Ontario, 2002). Statement of aim The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the major contributing factors to the increasing levels of acidic deposition. The paper will also discuss the barriers towards the resolution of the problem of the acidic deposition. In addition, the paper will also provide an overview of the various ways through which the issue of acidic deposition can be addressed. Case study to analyze the impacts of acidic deposition The Global Environmental Change associated with acidic deposition will be further illustrated using a case study: the environmental changes by heavy industries in the Greater Sudbury, Ontario. This paper will evaluate the increasing levels of industrialization and then the outcome on the environment due to the economic boom associated with the increasing industrialization on the region. In addition, the paper will analyze the various ways through which the government was able to reverse the environmental impacts of acidic deposition in the area.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overview of Acidic Deposition Acidic deposition, sometimes known as acid rai n usually takes place when the emissions because of the burning of the fossil fuels and emissions from industries are subjected to complex chemical processes within the atmosphere, which is then precipitated back to the earth as either wet or dry deposition. Wet deposition is usually in the form of rainfall, cloud, snow or fog. Dry deposition is in form dry particles of gas or particles (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). Rainfall and snow are usually acidic, but the case is considered severe when the pH levels are less than five. The main chemical compositions that contribute to acidic deposition are SO2 and NOx. When the two compounds undergo a chemical reaction with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and sunlight, the outcome is sulfuric acid and nitric acids, which are the core chemical agents that impose acidic deposition. Chemical compounds that are airborne can propagate over long distances; therefore, their effect can be spread over large areas and locations that are located at longer distances from the emission sources (Gunn, 1995). Causes of acidic deposition The causes of acidic deposition can be broadly classified into natural causes and human factors that result to the production of the chemical compounds that can cause acidic precipitation. The main natural factors that that contribute to the production of gases that can result to acidic precipitation are the emissions that come from the volcanoes. A typical example of this scenario is the fumaroles that are from the Laguna Caliente crater of the Poas Volcano, which is responsible for high levels of acidic precipitation with a pH level of 2 (Jacobson, 2002). This can result to the clearing of the adjacent vegetation, cases of eye irritations and respiratory problems. Biological processes that take place on land and oceans can also result to acid producing chemical compounds. The principal source of compounds that contain sulfur is dimethyl sulfide. Nitric acid is a major requirement for plant lif e and is normally generated by instances of electrical processes in the atmosphere; for instance, lightning. Glacial ice is also a source of acidic deposits. In addition, soils found in coniferous forests have been found be acidic naturally (Keller et al, 1977). Human activity is also major contributing factor to the production of acid generating compounds in the atmosphere. The most form of pollution that causes acidic precipitation is from coal power plants. In fact, the pollutants from factories can cause acidic precipitation over a large area of geographical scope because the emissions are transported to far regions before being precipitated as rain.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of acidic deposition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another human activity that plays a significant role in the production of acidic nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere is livestock production, owing to the fact that it a m ajor source of ammonia, which contributes majorly towards the availability of acid rain (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). It is arguably evident that the both human and nature are responsible for the causation of acidic deposition. However, it is estimated that anthropogenic factors account for twice of the amount of the airborne acid (Environment Ontario, 2002). The underlying argument is that human population constitutes of approximately two thirds of the anthropogenic population, implying that humans have the ability to minimize the impacts of acidic deposition (Tamra Reyes, 2009). Effects of Acidic deposition Acidic deposition has adverse effects on the water bodies, soils, forests and other vegetation, aquatic life, spoiling building and severe effects on human health. The impacts of the acidic deposition are normally evident around areas that are characterized by intense industrialization. The following are some of the adverse effects of acidic deposition to the enviro nment and human life (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008). Acidic deposition is responsible for having adverse effects on the aquatic life and altering the chemical composition of surface waters. Low pH values and high amounts of aluminum in surface waters are because of acidic deposition, which can be a threat to marine life. A pH that is less than 5 makes it difficult to aquatic life and result to a reduction in the biodiversity of the water bodies as more acidic conditions are induced. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (2008), acidic deposition is responsible for about 75 per cent of the acidic lakes and 50 per cent of streams that are acidic in nature. The second effect of acidic deposition is that it affects the chemical composition of soils and the soil biology. Microorganisms in the soil that cannot tolerate low levels of pH are killed by acidic deposition, which in turn affects soil nutrition and its ability to host plants and microorganisms. This is a poss ible explanation why forests are gradually facing extinction in industrialized regions. This is because acidic deposition causes the production of toxic aluminum and a reduction in the levels of calcium, resulting to tree growth that is stunted. In addition, only species that can tolerate high acidity levels can survive in soils that are subjected to acid rain (Environmental Protection Agency, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A reduction in the amounts of forests due to acidic deposition implies that there will be more carbon dioxide and less oxygen in the atmosphere, resulting to an imbalance in the atmosphere and the prospects of global warming. Chemicals that are airborne are usually toxic are harmful to the health of animals that rely in the air in the atmosphere for survival. Acid deposition also affects the human health by imposing respiratory problems that are evident through lung irritation because of dry acidic deposits. Eye irritations are also an effect of acidic deposits. Buildings and other structures are vulnerable to corrosion from acidic deposits (Environment Ontario, 2002). It is projected that a 50 percent reduction in the emissions that are responsible for the production of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide will be enough to facilitate the restoration of the environmental equilibrium. This goal is difficult to realize without the implementation of appropriate strategies and approac hes. Impacts of acidic deposition imposed by the environmental changes by heavy industries in the greater sudbury, Ontario Overview Air quality in has been a subject of contention in the City of Greater Sudbury due to the fact that the city is one of largest metal smelting places in the world. The City of Greater Sudbury is famous for its high emissions of sulfur dioxide, which is greatly associated with acidic deposition (Environment Ontario, 2002). The extent to which the landscape of the area has been damaged by acidic deposition and the efforts adopted by the government of Ontario and industry makes the City of Greater Sudbury a perfect case study for understanding the impacts of acidic deposition and the effectiveness of the recovery process (Environment Ontario, 2002). Over the course of its existence, the city has been a perfect example of the extent to which human activities can result to acid deposition and its aftermath as evident by instances of industrial barrens, lakes that have been damaged by acid deposition and the tallest super tack in the world being found in the area. Despite of this, environmental recovery has been attempted with the primary intention of restoring the air quality in the City of Greater Sudbury. The following section outlines the impacts of acid deposition in the area (Keller et al, 1977). Impacts of acid deposition in the city of Greater Sudbury The chemical composition of the lakes found in the city of Greater Sudbury is a clear indication of the level through increased industrialization imposes acidic deposition and the respective impact on the water bodies of the adjacent environs. The most significant industrial stress that the industries found in the city impose on the water bodies are increased erosion, acidic deposition and cases of metal contamination, which are significantly attributed to the high number of mining and logging factories in the region. As a result, acidic deposition in the city is responsible for aff ecting the water quality and aquatic life in the lakes that are found within the city. A notable impact of acidic deposition in the area is that it increases the acidic levels of the surface water, which in turn raises the solubility of toxic metals and affect the organic composition of the soils, making it difficult for the soil in the region to sustain vegetation in order to foster a balance in the atmosphere. Acid deposition in the area has also affected the regenerative capability of vegetation in the area. The City of Greater Sudbury receives rain that has acidity levels that are twice the amount that forests can withstand. The outcome of this is forest depletion in the city because acid deposition has a significant effect on the soil nutrients. The impacts of acid deposition can be reversed, although they may take a long time to restore the acidity levels that are not harmful for the sustenance of an ecosystem (Tamra Reyes, 2009). The approach identified to address Acidic dep osition The identified plan of approach towards addressing the issue of acidic deposition is through fostering the adoption of more renewable forms of energy, so that that there will be minimal reliance on fossil fuel, which are major contributors of the sulfur dioxide and the oxides of nitrogen to the environment. In addition, it is important to regulate the amount and the kind of emissions that factories emit to the environment. Other strategies that can be adopted in order to address acidic deposition include coal washing with the objective of elimination of sulfur before combustion, the use of alternative power plants and the overall reduction in the consumption of energy (Gunn, 1995). The outcome of the implementation of the above strategy is the containment of the waste from factories, which involves the use of water treatment strategies in order to reduce the level of metal concentrations and acidity levels before industrial water is released to the environment. With this res pect, it is the responsibility of local authorities and the obligation of such factories to ensure that they adopt water treatment plans to address the issues that are likely to increase acid deposition. Environmental management strategies are not effective without the aspect of public awareness and their involvement towards the same. Public awareness plays an important role in ensuring that the people have an understanding of the environmental stress regarding the air and water quality of their environment. As such, local authorities must implement programs that encourage the people to be more cautious towards the importance of environmental awareness (Gunn, 1995). Analysis of the adopted strategy The methods outlined in the plan of approach for addressing the problem of acidic deposition are viable and can be used for reducing the amount of acid-contributing substances in the atmosphere. However, they all have their strengths and limitations, and the effectiveness of the methods d epends on the tradeoff between their advantages and disadvantages. Coal washing with the aim of removing sulfur prior to combustion is vital in the elimination of acidic deposition, has a significant challenge in the sense that it results to the generation of polluted water. On the hand, using fuel alternatives is an expensive strategy and requires adequate time for its effective implementation. Any approach that requires a reduction in energy consumption and adoption of alternative forms of energy requires a complete overhaul of the energy policies in Canada. However, the basic argument is that a reduction in energy consumption, adoption of renewable sources of energy as alternative forms of energy combined with the strategy of emissions control is the best approach towards the elimination of human factors that result to acid deposition. In addition, it is important that new solutions have to be developed constantly to address the increasing problem of acid deposition (Caroll, 1990 ). Conclusion Acidic deposition is an increasing global environmental change that requires the deployment of appropriate strategies in order to contain its impacts. It is arguably evident that the acidic deposition affects the chemical composition of the ecosystem, threatens the sustenance of the aquatic life, forests, and the biological and chemical composition of the soil and affects human health. It is also notable that human activities are a major contributing factor towards acidic deposition; as such, any approaches that should be implemented to contain acidic deposition should be centered towards the regulation of human activities. The suggested approaches include the adoption of alternative forms of energy that are renewable, reduction of energy consumption and increasing people awareness towards environmental conservation. References Brimblecombe, P., Hiroshi, H. (2007). Acid Rain Deposition to Recovery. New York: Springer. Caroll, E. J. (1990). International environmental diplomacy: the management and resolution of transfrontier environmental problems. New York: CUP Archive. Environment Ontario. (2002). Air Quality in Ontario, 2001 Report. Ontario: Environment Ontario. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Effects of Acid Rain Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain#health Gunn, J. (1995). REstoration and Recovery of an industrial region, Progress in restoring the damaged landscape near Sudbury, canada. New York: Springer-Verlag. Jacobson, M. Z. (2002). Atmospheric pollution: history, science, and regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Keller, W., Pitblado, R. J., Conroy, N. I. (1977). Water Quality Improvements in the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada area Related to Reduced Smelter Emissions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution , 31 (3-4), 765-774. Tamra, G., Reyes, O. (2009). Carbon trdaing How it works and why it fails. Critical currents , 7, 10-56.

Classical Music Concert with 3 Instruments essays

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